(Disclaimer: This transcript is auto-generated and may contain mistakes.)

Hello, everybody. It's been Ustol23 back in our video. This is the first video in the series where I'll be discussing the table of nations and the descendants of Noah, specifically the grandsons of Noah and their descendants and where they historically dispersed and where they wanted the history of those nations. So the first one I'm going to be talking about is Arpaxad who is one of the sons of Shem. So Arpaxad's grandson, whose name was Eber, had two sons who became their own nations, Peleg and Joktan. The former was named such because he was born at the time that the earth was divided according to Genesis chapter 10. Thus the Tower of Babel story took place around two to three generations after the flood and this is when the nations began to disperse. Since the descendants of Peleg are a hefty topic to discuss, let's first talk about the peoples of Joktan. Joktan had 12 sons, Ammodad, Shelef, Hazarmaveth, Jerah, Hadorim, Uzal, Diklah, Obol, Abimael, Sheba, Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab. The traditional interpretation of many people is that Joktan's descendants were various Arabian peoples and tribes, typically in the southern Arabian Peninsula, around the modern-day nation of Yemen. The main argument for this is just that the name of Hazarmaveth is similar to the name of an ancient region called Hadramaut, which has the same Arabic meaning, death is here as the Hebrew Hazarmaveth, meaning death dwells. This is only one of the 12 sons of Joktan, however. It's entirely possible that his other sons moved to different places. We see that one of his children is called Sheba. Sheba corresponds to another region also in Yemen known as Saba, the home of the ancient kingdom of the Sabaeans. However, it should be noted that Sheba is also the name of the son of Rama, the son of Kush, the son of Ham, and that the kingdom of Saba is both geographically near the kingdom of Kush in Africa and the Dedonites, a nation just north of Saba, which is ascended from the other son of Rama, Deep Dedon. I don't want to go too much into the Kushite family just yet, but it could be possible that Sheba, the son of Joktan and Sheba, son of Rama, came together and formed the same people out of pure coincidence. Now, another more likely possibility is that there are two places called Saba. Josephus, a medieval Ethiopian tradition, attests to Ethiopia previously being under the name of Saba and that this was the original name of Meroe in Nubia. So the kingdom in Yemen was one of Joktan, and this explains his close proximity to Hadhramaut. Now there are only two other sons, which we can identify directly as living in Arabia, Uzal and Havilah. Uzal's people inhabited the region of Azal around Sana'a, northern Yemen. Havilah, on the other hand, is a region in northern Arabia. We know this for several reasons. First of all, in Genesis chapter 2, verses 10 to 11, it tells us of the river around the Garden of Eden split into four rivers, the Pishon, the Gihon, the Tigris, and the Euphrates. The Tigris and Euphrates we know to be at Mesopotamia, so it's reasonable to assume that the two other rivers are nearby. The most likely Pishon River is a dry canal called the Wadi Bisha, which was discovered in Arabia that flows from the Hijaz Mountains towards the Persian Gulf. Now the Hijaz Mountains in Western Arabia are well known for their gold, where the Ma'ad ad-Dahab, or Cradle of Gold, is located, and this fits with the Genesis 2 account that there is gold in the land of Havilah. In addition, Genesis chapter 25, verse 18, says of the Ishmaelites that they dwelt from Havilah unto Shur, that is before Egypt as thou goest toward Assyria. And then in 1st Samuel, chapter 15, verse 7, it says that Saul smote the Amalekites living in Havilah. We know that the Amalekites attacked the Israelites in the 40-year wandering in the wilderness, which would have been in the Arabian desert. Therefore, Havilah is also in Arabia. But what about the other eight sons of Jachtan? While some of these names are unidentifiable, one of these seems to establish the location of the rest of the Jachtanites, and that is Ophir. Ophir is mentioned as a trading partner with Israel, and that Hyrum and ships of Tarshish brought certain items from there in 1st Kings chapter 10, including gold, silver, ivory, apes, peacocks, and algamwood. Now based on the description of ivory, apes, and peacocks, this identifies the location of Ophir in India. There's further linguistic proof of this, and the fact that the Hebrew word for parrot, thukai, is similar to the word in Sinhalese and tamil for parrot, which would be tokay. In addition, ancient sources also mentioned an Indian people known as the Avira, which ruled the kingdom that existed in ancient times in the region of Gujarat and Maharashtra. This seems to fit with what the Jewish Roman historian Josephus had to say about Jachtan. He said, these inhabited from Kofan, an Indian River, and in part of Asia adjoining to it. Kofan is a Greek name for a river in Afghanistan, which flows into the Indus River in Pakistan. And that brings us to a discussion of the oldest known Indian civilization known as the Indus Valley Civilization, or the Harappan civilization. Although it's impossible to determine their identity from their own writings, since the IVC or Indus Valley Civilization script is currently undeciphered, archaeology, as well as references from other civilizations, tell us more about the Indus Valley Civilization. The Sumerians, the first civilization in Mesopotamia, traded with the Indus Valley Civilization, who they called the Maluja. The Sumerians themselves had some astounding similarities to the Indus Valley Civilization, which I think was more than just a result of trade, and I'll discuss that later. But examples include the presence of cylinder seals, seals depicting men wrestling with lines and bowls, as well as similar ways and beads found in both places. Seals and tablets with Harappan script have also been found in Mesopotamia. In addition to this, genetic studies of Mesopotamian skeletons from the Bronze Age and those living in India show that they share the same haplogroups, which demonstrate that the Sumerians and the Indus Valley people are closely related. Now, since the early Abira tribe, mentioned in the Vedas and the Puranas, lived in the same region as the Indus Valley Civilization, and because they're identified as a native people, rather than the Indo-Aryans who invaded India and established the Vedic Civilization, we can establish that Ophir was the Indus Valley Civilization. We should also point out that the Sanskrit word for the native people around India is Melekha, which is similar to the Sumerian word for the Harappan civilization, Maluja. The former is synonymous with a Sanskrit word for barbarian. The same word is applied to the people who live in northern India around Rajasthan and the Himalayas. This would refer to the native people of India, who would later become the Dravidians of southern India. In fact, the word for Melekha itself probably came from the Dravidian phrase Melekham, which means high country. The fact that the word for sesame oil among the Sumerians, Ilu, is similar to the Dravidian word for sesame, Elu, is also something which establishes this fact. Thus, the Dravidian people, including the Tamil and the Telugu in southern India and Sri Lanka, are some of the descendants of the Indus Valley Civilization and by extent the Jactanites. Furthermore, Jactan's ascendance could have moved into Southeast Asia. The Rig Vedas also supposedly show evidence of a connection between the Indus Valley Civilization and the Munda people in eastern India. The historian Michael Witzel has discovered that there are loan boards from a language similar to Munda or Khasi, which appear among the Vedic Aryan civilization. These two groups, the Munda and Khasi, are part of a larger group of, or larger family of languages called the Austro-Asiatic or Mon-Khmer peoples, and this comprises the people of modern-day Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and parts of Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, and eastern India. Thus, the original habiters of Southeast Asia most likely moved here around the 16th or 17th century BCE during the Aryan migrations. However, we can go even further than that. There have been recent theories by linguists that the Austro-Asiatic family of languages actually extends to an even larger group, which is classified as Ostrich, which would include the Thai-Kadai languages, the Hmong-Mian languages, the Austronesian languages, and the Japanese-Ruyukian languages. This is based on morphology of these languages with some lexical evidence. For example, the Austro-Asiatic language Nicoborese is related to many of the Austronesian languages morphologically. The link then extends to the fact that many Malayapolonesian languages have similar vocabulary to the Krah language known as Buyang. There's some genetic evidence that the other Southeast Asians may be related to Joktan as well. The haplogroup KM9 has two primary branches, the LT and the K2 branch. The former is shared by both the Mesopotamians, the Tamils in southern India, those around southern Pakistan and Gujarat, and those in the Horn of Africa in southern Arabia. The latter, K2, is present mostly in Southeast Asia, East Asia, Oceania, and Australia, including among Australian Aboriginals. So thus we can construct what happened to the other eight sons of Joktan who didn't settle in Arabia. They originally inhabited western India and were pushed out by the Aryans into two populations. One of these remained in the Indian subcontinent as the Dravidian peoples and the other moved towards Southeast Asia in the early Iron Age, where they became the Thai, the Vietnamese, the Mon, the Khmer, the Hmong, and the Malay people. Then by around 500 BCE, these people moved throughout Indonesia, Melanesia, Australia, and Polynesia, while the Malagase people sailed towards and settled Madagascar. They also settled Taiwan through southern China, from which they settled Japan. And these settlers of Japan were the Yamato who ruled during the Yayoi period and replaced the native Jomon people. By the second millennium AD, the eastern descendants of Joktan had spread throughout Oceania to Hawaii, Easter Island, and also later to New Zealand. So that's all for Joktan, and don't forget what I recently said about genetics as well with the Mesopotamians. Remember, many Jovidians and people of eastern India share the same genetics as the ancient Sumerians. And the reason for this is because Arpakshed's brother Peleg was himself the ancestor of the Sumerians. We see evidence of this first of all in the Bible because it was said that Abraham lived in the city of Ur of the Chaldees, according to Genesis chapter 11 verse 31. Ur was a great city of Mesopotamia built by the Sumerians. The Sumerians were mostly unrelated to the surrounding groups such as the Assyrians and the Akkadians who were later conquerors. Since Akkadian is a Semitic language, it could be possible that the Akkadians were another branch of those who descended from Arpakshed, however. Those who inhabited the majority of Mesopotamia from the time of the flood until about 1800 BCE were Sumerians, and the later Chaldeans who were those ruled that ruled the Neo-Babylonian Empire were also from Peleg. According to Josephus, Arpakshed named the Arpakshedites who were now called Chaldeans. Now the name of the Chaldeans probably came from the name of Arpakshed himself. The original word for Chaldees was actually Kastim in Hebrew, which is spelled the same way as the Ksad of Arpakshed, spelled Kafshindelet. And before we talk about Abraham specifically, I want to talk about two specific civilizations which might have also been related to Arpakshed, and that would be the Dilmun and the Magan civilizations. The former inhabited the modern-day region of Qatar and Bahrain while Magan existed in Oman in southern Arabia. Although little is known about these people, it's possible that they were also related to Peleg based on the fact that the Dilmun were shown to speak a Semitic language and use Sumerian writing. We also should mention Abraham's nephew Lot, whose grandsons Moab and Ben Ammi were the ancestors of the Moabites and the Ammonites according to Genesis 19. These inhabited the region on the other side of the Jordan River in ancient times in modern-day Jordan. Both kingdoms were destroyed by the Babylonians and the Moabites and the Ammonites were brought into exile. Thus, these people became lost to history. Okay, now to Abraham, who was the father of many nations. We know that from the descendants of Abraham came multiple tribes, and this would include the Ishmaelites, the Midianites, the Israelites, and the Edomites, among others. The first son of Abraham was Ishmael, whose descendants are listed in Genesis chapter 25. He also had 12 sons, who were Nebioth, Kedar, Abdiel, Mipsom, Mishma, Dumah, Masa, Hadar, Timah, Jatur, Nafish, and Kedemah. According to Josephus, Nebioth was the ancestor of the group which became known as the Nabataeans, which were originally an Arab tribe that inhabited the Hejaz region which moved north. They were the builders of such amazing ancient cities like Petra and Jordan. Another identifiable son of Ishmael is Kedar, the ancestor of the Kedarites, who were a large and well-known confederation of Arabs who lived near the area of Dedan. Dumah, another son of Ishmael, was mentioned in Isaiah 21.11 as being near Mount Sayyir where the Edomites lived. The ancient city of Dumah, Taljandl, which was destroyed in the 9th century BCE by the Assyrians, is the home of the Dumah in the modern Al-Jaf region of Saudi Arabia. Timah also is an oasis region in the Atanafu Desert, which is named after Timah. So the Ishmaelites were the ancestor of the Arabs that would be the true Arabs. Those associated with Jachtan are not descended from Ishmael and should not be considered ethically Arab because they live on the peninsula. They are unrelated. Abraham's other sons, besides Ishmael and Isaac, also inhabited the region of Arabia. One notable example is Midian, which is a region in northern Arabia near the Gulf of Aqaba. This is where Moses fled after leaving Egypt and where Mount Sinai is located. The Bible constantly mentions them as being invaders of Israel, which shows that they were at least in some proximity to the Israelites. As for the other sons of Abraham, not much is known about them, although Josephus makes the comment about his other sons that Abraham contrived to settle them in colonies, and they took possession of Troaglodytus and the country of Arabia Felix as far as it reaches to the Red Sea. Now, Troaglodytus refers to a region in which people dwell in caves, and Arabia Felix refers to southern Arabia around Yemen. So the other sons of Abraham apparently dispersed among the Jachtanites, but also traveled over to the western coast of Africa at the Red Sea. Josephus also records that the son of Midian, Ephir, who was mentioned in Genesis 25.4, invaded Libya. This is actually related to the origin of the name of Africa, which comes from the word Ephri, a Berber word meaning cave. It should also be noted that Hippolytus of Rome believed that the Troaglodytes were the descendants of Put, son of Ham, who inhabited Libya. So some of Abraham's sons also moved to Africa. Interestingly, Herodotus mentions that the Troaglodytes had a very distinctive language, which was unknown to anybody and which contained clicking noises. Now this creates a possible connection with the Khoisan people, who lived in southern Africa, and who were unrelated entirely from the other Kushite people in Africa. So the descendants of Abraham through Midian, Ishbak, Ishmael, and others became the various Arab tribes. These were separate and established many different kingdoms throughout the peninsula for hundreds of years until the rise of Islam in the seventh century. According to Arab historians, there were two primary groups of Arabs. The pure Arabs, known as the Khatanites, which were descended from Joktan, and then the Adnanites, which were Ishmaelites. This included the group known as Thamud, who lived around Madain Saleh since the 300s BCE. For the following centuries, most of Arabia was under the control of different kingdoms, such as the Ghassanids and the Lakhmids, who were not Abrahamic but Khatanite, or Joktanite. One of the tribes which derived from Kedar was the Quraysh tribe, from which Muhammad, the founder of Islam, came. He conquered Mecca and began the Islamic conquest in the 620s and 630s. After that point, the Rashidun Caliphate, which arose after the death of Muhammad, conquered the entire peninsula, and many Arabs began to settle throughout the Middle East. Many of the people in Egypt, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon today are ethnically Arab, and thus descended from the Ishmaelites and other sons of Abraham. So now we're going to move on to the son of Abraham, known as Isaac, who had two sons, Jacob and Esau. We of course know that Jacob was the ancestor of the Israelites, as he was later named Israel, and that Esau was of the Edomites, who were known in antiquity as the Edumaeans. They co-existed in the Levant with the Israelites, around the region of Mount Seir in the Negev desert. What happened to the Edumaeans is entirely unknown, because the last mention of them is in the 2nd century during the Jewish wars. It's most likely that they assimilated among the other Arab tribes, such as the Nabataeans. Then there's the Israelites, the children of Israel. We all know the story that the Bible presents, that there were 12 tribes which inhabited the land of Canaan, beginning around the 16th century BCE, after the exodus from Egypt. These tribes lived here until the 10 northern tribes were carried away by Assyria in 722 BCE, while the Jews, some Benjamites, and some Levites remained in the land. The Babylonian captivity, which began in 609 BCE, ended with the Achaemenid conquest of Babylon, which brought the Jews back into the land, where they stayed until the Bar Kokhba revolt in the 130s AD. By this time, the Romans massacred hundreds of thousands of Jews and sold many into slavery, which brought them into different parts of the empire. Now genetics and history show us that many of the Jews who moved to different parts of the world retained their identity, while also mixing with the native populations. The three main groups were the Mizrahi Jews, those who lived in the Middle East, the Ashkenazi Jews, those who lived in Germany, and the Sephardic Jews, those who moved to Spain. For the Ashkenazi Jews, genetics shows that the group is a very diverse group. For example, 7% of Ashkenazis have the G2C haplogroup, which is found mainly among the Pashtun people in Afghanistan, and I'll discuss more about that later. In the paternal lineage, over 50% of the Levites and 12% of Ashkenazi are found to have the haplogroup R1A1A, which is mostly common among Eastern Europeans such as the Slavs, but is also common among the Pashtuns and the Tajiks, and has its highest presence among the sins of Pakistan and the Brahmins in eastern India, such as those of the Ayengar tribe. Paternally, the genetics show that the Ashkenazi Jews are related to many Middle Eastern peoples as well as the Jews. In other places, it should be noted that many people simply converted to Judaism and were not actually ethnic Jews. Such examples include those in North Africa who are mostly Berbers in origin. However, there's a remarkable phenomenon among some of the other Jewish groups. For example, 59% of the mountain Jews who live in the Caucasian Mountains in Azerbaijan are found to be descended from a single woman. They migrated there from Persia, having lived there since the Babylonian exile. Likewise, 51% of Jews who live in Georgia are also descended from one woman. Both of them have been found to originate in the Levant. Other groups which have been shown to be descended from the Jews include the Cochin Jews, who live in the Kerala region of India, who traveled there after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. Then there's also the Kaifeng Jews in China, which migrated there around the 11th century CE from Persia. Then there's also the Romaniote Jews, who have lived in Greece and Turkey since the time of the Macedonian Empire from about 300 BCE. The Lemba people as well, who live in southern Africa and Zimbabwe, observe Jewish customs and their lineage has been traced back to Yemen, where they as Umeni Jews migrated from. Besides the Jews, there's also the 10 other tribes of Israel. You know, what happened to them? The Bible tells us that Shalmaneser, the king of Assyria, carried the northern tribes living in Samaria to live in the country of the Medes. And that was in 722 BCE. So, who, if anybody, today is descended from the 10 tribes of Israel? Well, there's the theory that the Pashtuns are descended from Israel. Historians in the Middle Ages note that certain tribes of Afghanistan used to refer to themselves as Bani Israel. There's even a tribe among the Pashtun known as Yuzufasai, which means sons of Joseph. There seems to be some genetic connection since the Ashkenazi Jews share some similarities with the Pashtuns, with the G2C and R1A1A haplogroups. The Pashtuns also have the LM20 and HM69 is also found among them. These haplogroups are found among them, which are also found among the Dravidians mentioned earlier as the descendants of Joktan. Perhaps it's possible that the Pashtun are also Joktanites, or that the similarity is due to their lineage from Iber. And I'll talk more about the Pashtun in other videos as we go on because they're kind of a mysterious group. And there might be other people who are more likely to have been their ancestor. Now, the B'nai Menashi tribe, which lives in Burma, also claims lineage from the tribe of Manasseh. However, this is unsubstantiated by any genetic, linguistic, or archaeological and historical evidence. Rather, the idea was conceived in the 20th century by people who had been converted to Christianity or Judaism in Myanmar. The Sefui tribe of Ghana also claims descent from Israel. This is because they have many traditional Jewish practices, such as Sabbath keeping and circumcision. However, one of the claimed links is the concept of a bar mitzvah, which is not an ancient practice, but a rabbinic invention. Thus, it's likely that they were converted by Jews who moved there from Spain following the 1492 expulsion. Some people also believe that the Cherokee people in America were descended from the Israelites. Thomas Thorogood in the 17th century first made this connection, where he argued that they were descended from Israelites, claiming that various Indian tribes practiced circumcision and that this was thus evidence of a connection. In 1823, Ethan Smith also wrote a book comparing Hebrew words with some Native American words to demonstrate how they might be etymologically related. There's also some DNA evidence for the ancestry as well. DNA consultants posted an article in 2018 claiming that one of the haplogroups which can be found among the Cherokee is H1, a haplogroup which is most common in North Africa in present-day Libya and Algeria. Another haplogroup is X, which is also very interesting. Haplogroup X is most common in two regions of the world, the northern United States and Canada and the Middle East, particularly around Anatolia and the Levant. 27% of those in the Druze community in Syria, Israel, and Lebanon have this haplogroup. It's also very common among the Algonquin tribes with a 25% appearance, with it also appearing among the Sioux and Yakama peoples. Another common haplogroup is T, which is also common in North Africa, mainly in Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia. This may show instead that these groups are not related to the Israelites, but considering the other statistics and facts, it could certainly be a possibility. National Geographic posted an article in 2013 called, Some Native Americans have Western Eurasian origins. But in the end, we don't know exactly where the 10 other tribes went until the end times, and we won't figure that out until the end times. So let's summarize what we've gone over in this video. Our pack said it had two great grandsons, Joktan and Peleg. Joktan had 12 sons, at least four of them settled in southern Arabia, where they became the ancient Yemenite kingdoms such as the Sabeans, Hadhramaut, the Himyarites, and the Meneans. Those people became known as the Kata Knights and eventually moved north in antiquity as the Ghastanid and Lakhmid tribes. The other sons inhabited South Asia, both in the region of Tamil of southern India and in modern-day Pakistan as the Indus Valley Civilization, also known as Maluja. After the Indo-Aryans drove them out, they became the ancestors of various indigenous Dravidian tribes, and also moved east to become the Austro-Asiatic speaking people of East India, Burma, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, as well as the Hmong Mian people in Laos and southern China, also known as the Yue. From there, some moved south into Malaysia and from there to Indonesia. The Malagase people sailed to Madagascar, while those in Indonesia and Melanesia traveled to Australia and began to settle the islands of the Pacific. In the north, the Yue people traveled to both Taiwan and Japan, where they became the ancestors of the modern Yamato. Now the people of Peleg and other family members of our pack said were the Sumerians in Mesopotamia, as well as the Dilmun and Magan civilizations in eastern Arabia. From there, Abraham became the father of many nations. His first son, Ishmael, was the ancestor of various Arabian tribes in northern and central Arabia, which eventually became the Nabataeans and also the Arabs who converted to Islam and took over much of the Middle East under the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates in the Middle Ages. Abraham's other sons, from Keturah, settled along the coast of Arabia and crossed into modern Sudan, where they became known as the Troglodytes, the ancestors of those in southern Africa known as the Khoisan. Isaac's son, Edom, became the Edomites, who were mostly wiped out by the time of the Romans, while Jacob was the ancestor of the Israelites, who dispersed among the nations after various exiles, becoming the various Jewish groups around the world, as well as perhaps the Pashtun and the northwestern Iroquoian and Algonquin Native Americans. So that is the history of the nation of our pack said. Thank you everybody for watching, and goodbye. Actually, just kidding. I have some additional information at the end of this video based on further research I did after recording this. So, I briefly mentioned the Yue people of southern China and that they were related to Jokten. However, based on genetics, it's likely that some of the Han Chinese also fall into this group. The largest haplogroup among the Han Chinese is OM-122, which is found in 75% of Han Chinese, and it also appears in about 35% of Vietnamese people, and in smaller amounts among other Southeast Asian and Austronesian groups. Other haplogroups which are shared by a minority of Han Chinese with a minority of Southeast Asians include the OP-203 and OM-268. Now, looking into their other genes as well as their history, I think the better conclusion is that the Han Chinese are not a pure ethnic group, but that they're a mix of both Joktenite populations, which originated from India, and other groups, mainly from Magog, which I'll explain when I get to that video. So this is the actual end of the video. Thank you everybody for watching, and goodbye.